Papers

All around the world, propane, butane and natural gas must be odorized. The odorization ensures a safe transport, distribution and use of this valuable energy to residential buildings. Regulations vary from one country or state to another. The natural gas can be odorized at different points of the gas grid: in some countries (France, Spain, …

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This paper presents methods for determining the uncertainty of both differential and positive metering stations. It takes into account the type of meter, number of meters in parallel, type of secondary instruments, and the determination of physical properties. The paper then relates this information to potential influence on system balance

Pipelines have transported water, oil and gas for hundreds of years, serving residential communities, industrial sites
and commercial centers reliably and silently. Leak detection systems (LDS) are needed because pipeline spills occur
more frequently as infrastructure ages and more hazardous products are transported. Leak detection systems cannot
prevent leaks, but they can certainly help minimize the consequence of leak. Regrettably, too many leak detection
systems fail to detect leaks, and other leak detection systems are ignored by the operators because they are unreliable.
Thus, leaks that should have been small spills become disasters that cost pipeline owners millions of dollars.

Advances in exploration, drilling and production technologies make it feasible to extract natural gas from sources that in the past have been regarded as unconventional and so, such sources are becoming a larger percentage of the gas supply.

SCADA systems are combinations of field devices, communications infrastructure, computer hardware and software integrated into a system that provides for safe, reliable, and effective operation of remote facilities. Producers, gatherers, midstream operators and pipelines use SCADA system for operations.

Measurement, control, and automation are critical to today’s business environment. However, the electronics that enable these systems to function, and make these systems so valuable, can be vulnerable to the damaging effects of overvoltage transients.

Differential Pressure (DP) Flow meters are popular for being relatively simple, reliable and inexpensive. Their principles of operation are relatively easily understood.

Liquids measurement in the oil patch is suddenly getting a lot of attention. Some are dismayed at the low level of technology used to measure liquids. Today, custody transfer of 80 to 85% of onshore crude and condensate production is still documented by a hauler climbing to the top of the tank and strapping it.

This paper explains the general working principle of gas turbine meters and the common causes for turbine metering errors. Field observations and laboratory test examples are presented in this paper. The author also suggests methods to optimize the measurement performance of turbine meter installations.

Protection against direct lightning strikes has been a subject of controversy since the days of Benjamin Franklin. In 1752, Benjamin Franklin introduced a lightning strike collection system. Subsequently, it became known as the “Franklin System,” and the more contemporary name is the “lightning conductor”, air terminal or lightning rod.