Papers

Technology advances in the world of semiconductors and microprocessors are increasing at a breathtaking pace. The density of transistor population on integrated circuits has increased at a rate unimaginable just a few years ago. The advantages are many: faster data acquisition, real time control, and fully automated factories, to name a few

Since this report references both itself and the 21.1 standard, the following nomenclature has been adopted to make it clear which document is being referenced. report – references this document, the one you are now reading. standard references the 21.1 standard, unless otherwise noted. section and subsection both refer to portions of the API 21.1 …

REPORT ON API 21.1 EGM STANDARD Read More »

Periodically, natural gas measurement standards are created or revised. In the period 1993 through 1999 Part 2 of ANSI 2530/API MPMS 14.3/AGA Report No 3 underwent revision. It is the intent of this paper to discuss the highlights of this revision

This paper is intended to help bridge the gap between the Old AGA-3 equation (hereafter referred to as AGA- 3-1985) and the New AGA-3 equation (hereafter referred to as AGA-3-1992). As such the paper begins with a background section aimed at assisting those who are mostly familiar with the factored form of the orifice metering …

AGA CALCULATIONS — OLD VS NEW Read More »

The Gas Technology Institute (formerly the Gas Research Institute) sponsors a comprehensive flow measurement research, development, and commercialization (RD&C) program aimed at improving natural gas metering performance in the field. This paper summarizes some of the recent accomplishments of the research program at the Gas Technology Institute (GTI) Metering Research Facility (MRF), a high-accuracy natural …

GTI METERING RESEARCH FACILITY UPDATE Read More »

The gas industry today is constantly changing, with increasing demands on office and field personnel. Initially there was FERC (Federal Energy Regulatory Commission) Order 636 that forced the gas measurement departments into the electronic age. Next came corporate slashing that has required the gas measurement groups to perform at the same level of integrity in …

COMMUNICATION BETWEEN OFFICE AND FIELD PERSONNEL Read More »

In large-scale gas SCADA systems, the variety and extent of field equipment requires a new look at the development of data concentrators, common data models, and broker based messaging for connection to the enterprise. Scanned devices have a limited range of data structures which must be aggregated and normalized to an ‘open’ vendor independent model …

DEVELOPMENT OF A STANDARD GAS MEASUREMENT DATA MODEL IN SCADA SYSTEMS Read More »

As the worldwide demand for oil and gas forces offshore exploration into waters off the continental shelves into depths of over a mile deep, capital expense spending (CapEx) and production operation expense (OpEx) budgets are slashed and the Environmental Health and Safety (EH&S) requirements as well as some companies’ goals for a ‘greener image’ raises …

PROBLEMS UNIQUE TO OFFSHORE MEASUREMENT Read More »

The purpose of this paper is to offer a brief explanation and discussion of many key terms used in describing instrument accuracy. The terms included within this discussion are most commonly used for defining performance standards with primary sensing elements typically used in the measurement of flow, level pressure and temperature instruments. Many of the …

TERMINOLOGY USED IN INSTRUMENT ACCURACY Read More »

The need to be able to take a representative sample of a hydrocarbon product is necessary to ensure proper accounting for transactions and efficient product processing. Sampling can be accomplished by primarily three techniques; spot, continuous composite or continuous on-line sampling systems. The various spot sampling methods that are available and the implementation of these …

TECHNIQUES OF NATURAL GAS SPOT SAMPLING Read More »