Papers

Flow conditioning is one of the most critical aspects dealing with any type of volumetric flow metering. Flow conditioning is the final buffer between the flow meter and the upstream piping layout and is responsible for eliminating swirl, restoring flow symmetry and generating a repeatable, fully developed velocity flow profile. Even though modern advancements have …

Effects of Flow Conditioning on Meter Accuracy and Repeatability Read More »

The purpose of this paper is discuss various methods to mitigate experienced problems when it comes to measurement data collection and discuss possible solutions. I think there is great benefit in providing a current state summary of measurement data collection as we sit today and discuss how technology and metrics are continuously being utilized to …

EFM Data Communications – Problems and Solutions Read More »

Pressure calibration is as important today as it has been for a very long time, but the way calibration is done and the equipment used to do it has changed drastically. In the past it was a standard practice to use a primary standard for pressure calibration. That standard was normally a dead weight tester …

Factors Affecting Digital Pressure Calibration Read More »

With the recent release of the Green House Gas Regulations, the increased visibility of flaring natural gas and increased awareness of royalty owners, the ability to accurately measure and account for the amount of product flared from a facility has become increasingly important to regulators, royalty owners and operators. In the past, flare gas was …

Flare Measurement Read More »

Measuring natural gas is both a science and an art. Guidelines and industry practices explain how to accurately measure natural gas. The ‘art” comes in trying to minimize errors and prevent measurement problems. However, sometime it’s easier to explain “how not” to measure gas when reviewing measurement errors. Measurement errors can be caused through poor …

How Not to Measure Gas – Orifice Read More »

Many (likely most) gas pipeline companies struggle with lost-and-unaccounted-for-gas (L&U) and it can be a significant cost to their bottom line as shown below. As shown in this inset, by reducing L&U from 0.6 percent to .25 percent, a typical company with a 2 BCF daily throughput could save Over 7.6 million dollars annually based …

How To Perform a Lost and Unaccounted-for Gas Program Read More »

The knowledge base from a field measurement technician to the measurement analyst is extremely demanding. Every field technician is tested in both knowledge and skills on a daily basis regarding: Electronic controls to pneumatic controls Communication system support Multiple technical disciplines Support of measurement equipment Procedures that must be followed (SOP) – Standard Operating Procedures …

Improving Flow Measurements With Improved Calibration and Data Handling Procedures Read More »

This paper is intended to provide meter station designers with a basic methodology for selection of an appropriate flow meter (or meters) for a given application. Since many applications require that a meter station operate over a broad range of flow rates or loads, an example is provided on how to address system rangeability while …

Meter Selection for Various Load Requirements Read More »

Like any other piece of equipment, a measurement artifact must be maintained. Obviously, it has to be in working order in general. However, what is more important is that it be operating within specified parameters and providing measurements that are traceable to a known source or sources. This paper provides a general overview of calibration …

Methods For Certifying Measurement Equipment Read More »

This paper is intended to discuss various methods used to collect Electronic Gas Measurement (EGM) data. There are quite a few options on the market today when it comes to remote measurement data collection in the Natural Gas Industry. Due to advancements in technology, we have seen changes in most all the options available making …

Methods of Gathering Electronic Gas Measurement (EGM) Data Read More »