Papers

The United States Department of Transportation (D.O.T.) is a department of the U.S. Federal Government which oversees all issues regarding transportation within the United States of America and U.S. Territories. Its influence around the world is great and widely respected, but its jurisdiction and power of enforcement is limited to the USA and its territories. …

D.O.T. Requirements for the Transportation of Sample Cylinders Read More »

In the one hundred and thirty years, or so that we have known natural gas as a fuel source in the United States, the demand for natural gas has grown at an astounding rate. There is virtually no area of North America that doesn’t have natural gas provided as an energy source. The methods of …

Principles of Odorization Read More »

Natural gas sampling is performed for many reasons. Primarily sampling is performed to determine total gas composition, gas quality, and gas value. The three techniques normally used to obtain gas samples are continuous composite sampling, continuous online sampling, or spot sampling. This paper will discuss the various spot sampling techniques, proper sampling implementation, and equipment …

Techniques for Natural Gas Sampling – A Discussion of Field Methods for Obtaining Spot Samples Read More »

There is no substitute for well maintained, properly installed, and properly performing measurement equipment. Provisions for measurement equipment installation, operation, and maintenance deliver the raw data required for those dealing with natural gas liquids (NGLs) to transact business. Then, this raw data can be adjusted or converted to values suitable for transactions to take place …

Calculation of Natural Gas Liquids Quantities Read More »

In today’s up and down, sometimes struggling but always competitive market, a producer of natural gas must strive to maximize their market value, and achieve the highest return of invested income. The fluctuations seen recently in pricing make this an increasingly important goal. In order to accomplish this goal one must ensure they are receiving …

Techniques of Composite Sampling Read More »

The gas chromatograph (GC) is an integral component of the natural gas custody metering station and has a large impact on the accuracy of the fiscal flow calculation. For this reason it is imperative that you install, operate and maintain the GC with the goal of maximum reliability and accuracy.

Determination of fluid properties and phase conditions of hydrocarbon mixtures is critical for accurate hydrocarbon measurement, representative sampling, and overall pipeline operation. Fluid properties such as compressibility and density are critical for flow measurement and determination of the hydrocarbon due point is important to verify that heavier hydrocarbons will not condense out of a gas …

Use of Equations of State and Equation of State Software Packages Read More »

Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) is a gas composed of one Sulfur Atom and two Hydrogen Atoms. ;H2S is formed by the decomposition of organic matter and is therefore, found naturally in crude oil and natural gas deposits. H2S is a highly toxic, transarent, colorless and corrosive gas. Due to the toxic and caustic properties of this …

Determination of Hydrogen Sulfide and Total Sulfur in Natural Gas Read More »

This paper discusses the problems encountered when sampling wet, high pressure and supercritical natural gas for “on-line” BTU analysis, and provides solutions and comments on how they relate to the API and GPA industry standards for natural gas sampling. It also discusses the use of phase diagrams in the design and operation of a natural …

Considerations For Sampling Wet, High Pressure & Supercritical Natural Gas Read More »

H2O vapor is an undesirable component of natural gas. It takes up space in the pipeline and provides no fuel value. In higher concentrations it can condense into liquid water in the pipeline and cause corrosion, especially in the presence of carbon dioxide or H2S. Liquid water can also cause damage to turbines. Because of …

Devices for Field Determination of Water in Natural Gas Read More »