Papers

The purpose of this paper is to discuss in depth the systems we use as a standard to sample natural gas liquids, or NGL’s. Before we discuss the systems and methods used to sample these products, we must first clearly define what NGL’s are. NGL’s can be a combination of any fluid in liquid form …

Fundamentals of NGL Sampling Systems Read More »

Introduction The history of orifice metering began in the early 1900’s. The first test data was done by the U.S. Geological Survey and in 1913 the first “Handbook of Natural Gas” was published. So as you can tell, orifice metering has been around for over 100 years and in that time much has been learned …

Fundamentals of Orifice Metering Read More »

The purpose of verifying or calibrating liquid measurement devices is to ensure the accuracy of quantities being reported. With millions of dollars at stake, fractions of an inch or tenths of a degree Fahrenheit can make quite an impact to bottom line. At its most basic, the static (as opposed to dynamic, the use of …

VERIFICATION / CALIBRATION OF DEVICES USED IN STATIC LIQUID MEASUREMENTS Read More »

INTRODUCTION The first gas company in the U.S., The Gas Light Company of Baltimore, Maryland, founded in 1816, struggled for years with financial and technical problems while operating on a “flat rate” basis. Its growth was slow with the charge for gas service beyond the pocketbook of the majority.

INTRODUCTION An ultrasonic meter falls into the classification of inferential meters. Unlike positive displacement meters that capture volume to totalize volume, inferential meters measure flowing gas velocity to totalize volume. Orifice meters use pressure drop to measure velocity to infer volume and turbine meters use the speed of the rotor to measure velocity to infer …

ULTRASONIC METERS FOR RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS Read More »

INTRODUCTION Transfer proving was initially developed to provide an easier and more accurate field meter proving method. Because of the capacity capabilities of transfer provers (2000 CFH to 80,000 CFH) transfer provers are utilized in meter shops where bell prover capacity is limited and allow for shop testing of the larger capacity meters.

INTRODUCTION The natural gas industry relies very heavily on sensitive electronic equipment utilized in the production, gathering, transportation, and distribution phases. There is an increasing reliance on the use of electronics for performing important tasks relating to measurement, control, and safety. Coupled with increased reliance is the demand by users for increased reliability.

Introduction This paper will provide you with a fundamental understanding of the operating principles of currently available pipeline leak detection technologies. To start with we’ll have a look at the topics to be covered: • Historical development of pipelines • Why they are monitored for leaks • The requirements and regulations placed on leak detection …

AN OVERVIEW OF PIPELINE LEAK DETECTION TECHNOLOGIES Read More »

In the Gas Distribution business Unaccounted Gas is referred to by various names or terms such as: Lost and Unaccounted-For, LUG, L&U, and UAF. In simplest terms, Unaccounted Gas is the result of the formula “gas receipts minus gas deliveries”. For the Measurement Group the process amounts to a “gas inventory reconciliation” based on the …

Unaccounted-For Gas Study in Distribution Networks Read More »

What Are They and Why Are They Needed What: A stand-alone device that opens and recloses at a pre-selected pressure, containing an orifice sized to flow a required capacity to prevent / avoid overpressure. Why: All natural gas equipment (pipelines, pressure vessels, air-cooled heat exchangers, compressor cylinders, odorant tanks, instrument control lines, valves, underground storage, …

FUNDAMENTALS OF PRESSURE RELIEF VALVES IN NATURAL GAS INSTALLATION – OPERATION – MAINTENANCE Read More »