Papers

This paper is intended to provide meter station designers with a basic methodology for selection of an appropriate flow meter (or meters) for a given application. Since many applications require that a meter station operate over a broad range of flow rates or loads, an example is provided on how to address system rangeability while …

METER SELECTION FOR VARIOUS LOAD REQUIREMENTS Read More »

In the Gas Distribution business Unaccounted Gas is referred to by various names or terms such as: Lost and Unaccounted-For, LUG, L&U, and UAF. In simplest terms, Unaccounted Gas is the result of the formula gas receipts minus gas deliveries. For the Measurement Group the process amounts to a gas inventory reconciliation based on the …

UNACCOUNTED-FOR GAS STUDY IN DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS Read More »

Timely, diligent field testing and calibration of gas volume recording and correcting Instruments ensure that measurement Information fairly represents actual volumes. The Instruments save a company capitol and operating costs because they can record or integrate volumes at pressures and temperature above the normal pressurebase conditions specified In contracts for volume calculation. This allows the …

FIELD INSPECTION AND CALIBRATION OF VOLUME CORRECTING DEVICES Read More »

Cone Meters differ from other differential pressure type meters, such as Orifice Meters and Venturi Meters, basically by design only. They are all required to meet API Chapter 22.2 test criteria developed and published in 2005 and still being updated today. The Cone Meter is designed to measure liquid or gas. Cone Meters are proprietary …

Differential Meters other than Orifice Read More »

content and volume. The energy content and physical constants utilized in determining its volume are computed from analysis. Therefore correct assessment of the value of natural gas is dependent to a large extent on overall analytical accuracy. The largest source of analytical error in natural gas is distortion of the composition during sampling. Sampling clean, …

ADVANCES IN NATURAL GAS SAMPLING TECHNOLOGY Read More »

Inspections and tests on regulators and relief valves is a Department of Transportation Compliance rule. The sections within the DOT manual stating the rule include 192.351 through 192.359, 192.751, 192.479, 192.481, 192.739, and 192.741. Keep in mind these rules are the minimum required tests. Your Company or Regulatory Agency may be more stringent and require …

PERIODIC INSPECTION OF REGULATORS AND RELIEF VALVES Read More »

In todays competitive gas market, utility companies must meet aggressive market strategies or suffer the consequences. All industries have cash registers, and gas distribution is no exception. Our measuring stations are our cash register. The problem is, these stations were designed 10, 20, 30 or even 50 years ago, and are now performing tasks they …

COPING WITH CHANGING FLOW REQUIREMENTS AT EXSISTING METERING STATIONS Read More »

Water vapor in natural gas has more than a substantial effect on the quality of the gas stream. Without quality measurement of water vapor the gas is basically not saleable. Contracts are written around it and companies spend a considerable amount of time researching the type of device to be used for a particular application. …

DEVICES FOR FIELD DETERMINATION OF WATER VAPOR IN NATURAL GAS Read More »

This paper discusses the problems encountered when sampling wet, high pressure and supercritical natural gas – comments on how they relate to the API and GPA industry standards for natural gas sampling. It also discusses the use of phase diagrams in the design and operation of a natural gas sampling system