Papers

The increased use of natural gas as the primary source of energy internationally, combined with the increased market price is driving the expansion and modernization of gas transportation infrastructure and is encouraging more accurate measurements of gas flows. To ensure the fair transaction at custody transfer locations, gas pipeline companies are demanding credibility and excellence …

Ultrasonic Flow Meter Calibration Considerations and Benefits Read More »

Natural gas companies in all segmentsupstream, midstream, transmisssion and distribution – have deployed Electronic Flow Measurement (EFM) devices on a massive scale. Since the information contained within the EFMs is crucial to the company’s operations, robust and reliable systems to communicate with EFMs are required. The EFM data needs of some departments are mission-critical. Gas …

EfM Dala Communications – Problems and Solutions Read More »

This paper presents methods for determining the uncertainty of both differential and linear metering stations. It takes into account the type of meter, number of meters in parallel, type of secondary instruments, and the determination of physical properties. The paper then relates this information to potential influence on system balance

As the energy business has evolved, so too have the measurement and communications needs associated with the ever-changing operational, informational, business and regulatory requirements. Energy quantities now realize dynamic valuations that can experience large variances within very short time periods. Skill requirements of personnel are constantly changing as technologies develop. Energy goals must be accomplished …

CURRENT PERSPECTIVES ON MEASUREMENT THE IMPACT OF MEASUREMENT IN A CHANGING BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT Read More »

Measuring natural gas is both a science and an art. Guidelines and industry practices explain how to accurately measure natural gas. The art comes in trying to minimize errors and prevent measurement problems. However, sometime its easier to explain how not to measure gas when reviewing measurement errors. Measurement errors can be caused through poor …

How Not to Measure Gas/Orifice Read More »

With the increased use of Natural Gas as a fuel, and higher natural gas prices buyers and sellers of natural gas are seriously looking at ways to improve their natural gas measurement and reduce the error in natural gas measurement. A 6 Turbine or Ultrasonic meter operating at 1,000 Psi will move 100 MMSCF/Day. An …

ONSITE PROVING OF GAS METERS Read More »

Pulsation created by compressors, flow control valves, regulators and some piping configurations are known to cause significant errors in gas measurement. In recent years the Pipeline-and Compressor Research Council (peRC) now know as (GMRC) Gas Machinery Research Council, a subsidiary of the Southern Gas Association, commissioned and funded various pulsation research projects at Southwest Research …

Effects and Control of Pulsation in Gas Measurement Read More »

What is a standard? Why are standards important? Merriam-Webster dictionary defines standard as: 1) a conspicuous object (as a banner) formerly carried at the top of a pole and used to mark a rallying point especially in battle or to serve as an emblem 2) something established by authority, custom, or general consent as a …

An Overview of Industry Standards Related to Natural Gas Measurement Read More »

Natural gas sampling is performed for a variety of reasons. Sampling is performed to determine total gas composition, hydrocarbon dew point, specific gravity, and most importantly, the value of the gas. Three techniques are normally used to obtain gas samples continuous composite sampling, continuous online sampling, or spot sampling. This paper will discuss the various …

TECHNIQUES FOR NATURAL GAS SAMPLING A DISCUSSION OF FIELD METHODS FOR OBTAINING SPOT SAMPLES Read More »

Over 300 people died in an explosion on March 18, 1937 in a New London, Texas public school building. The natural gas that was being delivered to the school building was not odorized. At that time the natural gas was odorless, and there wasnt a law on record to mandate Odorization. As a direct result …

DETERMINING PROPER ODORANT LEVEL Read More »